Alfalfa
Medicago sativa · Fabaceae
The gardener's calendar
Ideal time to plant alfalfa: set it out when the soil is neither frozen nor waterlogged, and water generously as it establishes.
ID card
- Foliage
- Deciduous
- Flowering
- Spring to summer (May-September)
- Adult size
- 24–35 inches in height
- Growth
- Fast
- Hardiness
- Very hardy (down to 5°F/-15°C)
- Origin
- Mediterranean region and South-West Asia
- Soil type
- Well-drained, neutral to alkaline
- Light
- Full sun
Care
Watering
Alfalfa is a very drought-resistant plant once established. Water regularly during the first year to encourage deep root development. After that, limit watering to periods of prolonged drought. Avoid excessive moisture, which can lead to fungal diseases.
Light exposure
Plant alfalfa in full sun for optimal growth and abundant flowering. It tolerates direct exposure and heat very well. Partial shade is acceptable but will reduce biomass production.
Soil
Prepare well-drained soil, preferably neutral to alkaline (pH 6.5 to 8.0). Alfalfa appreciates deep soils that allow it to develop its root system. Enrich the soil with mature compost before planting to improve fertility.
Cutting and pruning
Regular cutting promotes bushy, thick growth. Cut or graze before flowering to maximize nutritional quality. Always leave at least 2 inches of stem to allow vigorous regrowth. Winter dormancy is natural: the plant disappears completely or almost entirely.
Fertilizer
Alfalfa is a legume that fixes atmospheric nitrogen through root nodules. Little nitrogen fertilizer is needed. Apply potassium and phosphorus once or twice a year to support production. Moderate mineral amendment is quite sufficient.
Diseases and pests
Alfalfa is generally very healthy. In excessively humid conditions, watch for fungal diseases such as anthracnose or rust. Aphids and weevils can occasionally be problematic. Encourage good air circulation and respect intervals between cuttings to minimize stress.
Did you know?
Alfalfa has been cultivated for over 3,000 years in Central Asia and was already used as fodder by the ancient Persians. Its scientific name "Medicago" comes from the word "Media" (a historical region in Asia), from where it conquered the Western world via trade routes. Today it remains one of the world's most valuable forage crops and a major ally of organic farming for naturally enriching soils with nitrogen.
Where to buy it
Plant in spring or early autumn, avoiding spells of intense heat. Pick a plant with healthy foliage and roots that are not exposed. Best time: March, April, May, September.
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Tips generated and checked by Viridia — adapt them to your local climate.